Examining the Challenge of Causality in the Idea of Separatism from the Perspective of Transcendental Wisdom

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 philosophy,faculty of theology and Islamic studies(Martyr Motahari),ferdowsi university of Mashhad

2 teacher of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

3 عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

Abstract

The discourse of causality has received serious attention in all schools of Islamic philosophy, especially in transcendental wisdom, due to its pivotal standing in ontology. In recent centuries, a school of thought called the “school of separatism” (maktab-i tafkīk) has emerged among Shi'ite scholars. One of the challenging issues in this attitude is the denial of principles that are derived from the principle of causal necessity, such as the principle of cause-and-effect necessity, principle of cognation (sinkhīyat) , and the principle of oneness (al-wāḥid). The reason for this denial is that, according to this school, accepting these principles would lead to such issues as the arbitrariness of God, the cognation   between the Creator and the created, and the antiquity of the universe. This challenge is the main subject of the present research. In this school, cognation is dealt with, which is intertwined with the important philosophical rules of al-wāḥid, the shared meaning of existence, "the bestower of a thing cannot lack it," and "the universe being a sign (āya) for God". The discussion of "the contingent and the eternal" (ḥādith va ghadīm) also has no place in this discourse.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Avicenna, Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Ishārāt wa al-Tanbīhāt, with commentaries by Khwāja Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī and Quṭb al-Dīn Rāzī. Vol. 3. Qom: Nashr al-Balāgha, 1996, 1st ed.
Ebrahim-Dinani, Gholam-Hossein (2013). The Story of Philosophical Thought in the Islamic World. Tehran: Soroush.
Avicenna, Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Taʿlīqāt. Qom: Office of Islamic Seminary Publications, 2000, 4th ed.
Avicenna, Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Taʿlīqāt. Qom: Maktab al-Iʿlām al-Islāmī, 1983 AH [1404 AH].
Ershadi-Nia, Mohammad-Reza (2007). From the School of Maʿāref to the Hojjatieh Society and the Maktab-e Tafkik. Qom: Būstān-e Ketāb Institute.
Asadi-Garmaroudi, Mohammad (2006). “Causality in Islamic Philosophy and the Views of Its Opponents.” Journal of Philosophy, University of Tehran, no. 11.
Ashʿari, ʿAli ibn Ismaʿil (2013). Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn wa Ikhtilāf al-Muṣallīn. Tehran: Amirkabir Publications.
Isfahani, Mirza Mahdi, and Sayyid Mohammad Baqer Najafi Yazdi (1984). Miṣbāḥ al-Hudā.
Javadi-Amoli, Abdullah (2003). Raḥīq Makhtūm, Part 2, Vol. 2. Qom: Esra.
Javadi-Amoli, Abdullah (2007). Raḥīq Makhtūm, Vols. 3 and 9. Qom: Esra.
Hakimi, Mohammad-Reza (2009). Divine Theology and Human Theology. Tehran.
Razavi, Sepideh (2020). “An Examination and Analysis of the Perspectives of Transcendent Philosophy and Quantum Physics on Causality and Uncertainty, with Particular Reference to the Views of Heisenberg and Bohr.” Journal of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, vol. 53, no. 2.
Salem, Maryam, et al. (2010). “A Semantic Analysis of Causality in the Philosophy of Aristotle and Avicenna.” Two-Quarterly Journal of Sinawi Wisdom (Mashkat al-Nur), Imam Sadiq University, 14th year, autumn and winter, no. 44.
Salem, Maryam. “The Place of Avicennian Causality: A Historical Examination.” Two-Quarterly Journal of Sinawi Wisdom (Mashkat al-Nur), 16th year, autumn and winter, 2012.
Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din. Ḥikmat al-Ishrāq, translated and commented on by Sayyid Jaʿfar Sajjadi. Tehran: University of Tehran Press, 1982.
Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din. Collected Works, vol. 2.
Seydan, Sayyid Jaʿfar (2016). Revelatory Knowledge, Book 2, 2nd ed. Qom: Dalil-e Ma.
Seydan, Sayyid Jaʿfar (2013). Divine Unity from the Perspective of Revelation, Philosophy, and Mysticism. Qom: Dalil-e Ma.
Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Shawāhid al-Rubūbiyyah, translated and interpreted by Dr. Javad Mosleh. Tehran: Soroush, 2nd ed. [Publication year recorded as 113 in the original.]
Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Al-Mashāʿir, edited by Henry Corbin. Tehran: Tahuri, 2014.
Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī (Mullā Ṣadrā), Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Al-Mabdaʾ wa al-Maʿād, edited by Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn Āshtiyānī. Tehran: Iranian Institute of Philosophy, 1975.
Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī (Mullā Ṣadrā), Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm (1967). Al-Shawāhid al-Rubūbiyyah. Tehran: Mūlā Publications.
Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī (Mullā Ṣadrā), Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm (1984). Al-Mashāʿir, edited by Henry Corbin. Tehran: Tahuri.
Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm (1981). Al-Ḥikmah al-Mutaʿāliyah fī al-Asfār al-ʿAqliyyah al-Arbaʿah. Vol. 1. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.
Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Al-Ḥikmah al-Mutaʿāliyah fī al-Asfār al-Arbaʿah. Vol. 2, including Sabzawārī’s annotations; edited, critically established, and introduced by Dr. Maqṣūd Moḥammadī, under the supervision of Sayyid Mohammad Khamenei. Tehran: Sadra Islamic Wisdom Foundation, winter 2001, 1st ed.
Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Al-Ḥikmah al-Mutaʿāliyah fī al-Asfār al-Arbaʿah. Vol. 3. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1990.
Tabataba’i, Sayyid Mohammad Hossein (1971). The Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism. Vol. 5. Qom: Dar al-ʿIlm.
Tabataba’i, Sayyid Mohammad Hossein (1392 AH). Tafsīr al-Mīzān. Vol. 13, 2nd ed. Qom: Ismaʿilian.
Tabataba’i, Sayyid Mohammad Hossein. The Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism. Vol. 3. Edited by Akhundī, 1953.
Tabataba’i, Sayyid Mohammad Hossein. Bidāyat al-Ḥikmah. Qom: Al-Maṭbaʿah al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
Tabataba’i, Sayyid Mohammad Hossein (1437 AH). Nihāyat al-Ḥikmah. Qom: Center for the Management of Islamic Seminaries.
Tabataba’i, Sayyid Mohammad Hossein. The Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism, with annotations by Allameh Morteza Motahhari. Vols. 1–3. Islamic Publications Office, n.d.
Ṭabrisī, Abū ʿAlī Faḍl ibn Ḥasan. Al-Iḥtijāj. Vol. 1. Qom: Nashr Mortaza, 1403 AH.
Tabibian, Behnaz al-Sadat (2012). “An Examination of the Principle of Causality from the Perspectives of Mullā Ṣadrā and the Maktab-e Tafkik.” Master’s thesis.
Alaqehband-Hosseini-Tusi, Sayyid Khalil (1999). “Causality from the Perspectives of the Ashʿarites, the Maktab-e Tafkik, and Transcendent Philosophy.” Ḥawzah, no. 92.
Ali-Asgari-Ranani, Mehdi (2013). “A Critical Examination of Causality and Homogeneity in the Maktab-e Tafkik from the Perspective of Transcendent Philosophy.” Master’s thesis.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Tahāfut al-Falāsifah. Edited by Sulayman Dunya. Egypt: Dār al-Maʿārif.
Fakhouri, Hanna, and Khalil al-Jarr. History of Philosophy in the Islamic World. Translated by A. Āyatī. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications, 5th ed.
Al-Fārābī. Al-Taʿlīqāt, in Al-Tanbīh ʿalā Sabīl al-Saʿādah. Edited by Jaʿfar Āl Yāsīn. Tehran: Hekmat, 1992.
Avicenna, Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Ishārāt wa al-Tanbīhāt, with the commentary of Khwāja Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī and annotations by Quṭb al-Dīn Rāzī. Qom: Nashr al-Balāgha, 1996, 1st ed.
Al-Fārābī. ʿUyūn al-Masāʾil fī al-Manṭiq wa Mabādiʾ al-Falsafah al-Qadīmah. Cairo: Al-Maktabiyyah al-Sufliyyah, 1328 AH [1910–11].
Al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr. Tajrīd Risālat al-Daʿāwī al-Qalbiyyah. Hyderabad, Deccan: Ottoman Encyclopaedia Council Press, 1349 AH [1930–31].
Al-Fārābī. Taḥṣīl al-Saʿādah, commentary by Ali Bou Melhem. Beirut: Maktabat al-Hilal, 1995.
Qāḍī ʿAḍud al-Dīn al-Ījī. Sharḥ al-Mawāqif. Vol. 8. Qom: Razi Publications.
Qazvini, Mojtaba (2013). Bayān al-Furqān fī Tawḥīd al-Qurʾān. Qom: Dalil-e Ma.
Al-Kindī, Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn Isḥāq. Rasāʾil al-Kindī al-Falsafiyyah. Annotated and edited by Muḥammad Abū Rīdah. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī, 2nd ed., n.d.
Meshkati, Mohammad Mehdi, and Tabibian, Behnaz al-Sadat (2014). “Causal Congruence in Ṣadrian and Tafkiki Theology.” Journal of Comparative Theology, year 5, no. 12.
Mesbah-Yazdi, Mohammad-Taqi (1991). Philosophy Lessons, vol. 1. Printing and Publishing Center of the Islamic Propagation Organization.
Mesbah-Yazdi, Mohammad-Taqi (2012). Philosophy Lessons, vol. 2. Qom: Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute.
Motahhari, Morteza (1981). Commentary on the Manẓūmah, vol. 1. N.p.: Hekmat.
Motahhari, Morteza (1993). The Causes of the Inclination toward Materialism. Tehran: Sadra Publications.
Motahhari, Morteza (1981). Commentary on the Manẓūmah, vol. 1. N.p.: Hekmat Publications, 1st ed.
Al-Muʿtazilī, Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār. Sharḥ al-Uṣūl al-Khamsah. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 142[AH; year incomplete in the original].

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics