The Infallibility of Presential Knowledge and the Challenge of Phantom Limbs Phenomenon (Study and Response)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 philosophy, Faculty of Theology and Islamic. ferdowsi.iran

2 philosophy. faculty of literature and human sciences. malayer university. malayer. iran/ assistant professor

Abstract

In the fundamentalist system of some Muslim philosophers, the presential knowledge is the foundation of other branches of knowledge. Among the important features of this basic knowledge is its infallibility, against which of course many objections are raised. In this article, one of these objections, called "phantom limbs phenomenon", is dealt with. According to this objection, sometimes the percipient (mudrik) feels pain in some of his organs, while he lacks that organ, so the percipient has an unrealistic feeling, and since sensations are an example of presential knowledge, we can conclude that presential knowledge is fallible. To answer this objection, it is necessary to give two introductions: first, the existence of sensory perception is contrary to the existence of its material dependent; secondly, this feeling includes numerous sensations that have been obtained by the recipient through many sensory powers. Considering these two points, the error occurs in the phantom limbs phenomenon in two ways: first, where the existence of sensory perception is validated in is anecdotal terms, and this validity is also the validity of reason, not sense. Second, where reason issues a verdict about the relationship between these feelings, if the external perceptible is seen only in terms of being presential and without the intervention and credits of the intellect, it is infallible.

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